What does an integral sign with a circle on it mean

… it basically means you are integrating things over a loop.In electromagnetism, in faraday's law of.Also, it is used in real space, e.g.Also, it is used in real space, e.g.What does an integral symbol with a circle mean?A function is defined on r that is 2 π − periodic.

It's an integral over a closed line (e.g.Also, it is used in real space, e.g.In plain langauge, this means take the integral of the function f (x) with respect to the variable x from a to b.Such a contour is always travelled counter clockwise (like we always do, strangly enough;I know from multivariable calculus that the integral sign with circle in its middle means integrating along a closed path.The integral symbol is used to represent the integral operator in calculus.